A cognitive stage during development refers to a period of rapid change in thinking, feeling and behavior. Development proceeds in a predictable order, with each stage building on the skills and knowledge of the previous stage.

Acquiring accurate, flexible and efficient problem-solving skills typically characterizes the formal operational stage of cognitive development. Children in this stage can identify and solve problems using logical thinking and effective communication. They are also able to plan and organize their thoughts and actions.

During the formal operational stage, children can increasingly think abstractly and make reasoned decisions. They are also able to problem-solve flexibly and innovatively. These skills are essential for successful adulthood.

The formal operational stage of cognitive development can be summarized with the following five key skills:

1. Problem-solving: Children in the formal operational stage can identify and solve problems using logical thinking and effective communication.

2. Flexible thinking: Children in the formal operational stage can think abstractly and make reasoned decisions.

3. Effective communication: Children in the formal operational stage can communicate their ideas effectively.

4. Strategic planning: Children can plan and organize their thoughts and actions in the formal operational stage.

5. Creative problem solving: Children in the formal operational stage can think outside the box and develop innovative solutions.